Estrogen plus progestin use linked with increased breast cancer incidence and mortality

Mar. 29, 2013 ? Estrogen plus progestin use is linked with increased breast cancer incidence. In addition, prognosis is similar for both users and nonusers of combined hormone therapy, suggesting that mortality from breast cancer may be higher for hormone therapy users as well, according to a study published March 29 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trial, estrogen plus progestin was associated with an increase in both breast cancer incidence and mortality. However, most observational studies have linked estrogen plus progestin with more positive outcomes.

In order to determine the differences between the WHI trial and other observational studies, Rowan T. Chlebowski, M.D., Ph.D., Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed) lead researcher and colleagues, looked at postmenopausal women with no prior hysterectomy with negative mammograms within two years who were either users or non-users of estrogen and progestin combined therapy.

The researchers found that breast cancer incidence was higher in estrogen plus progestin users than incidence in nonusers. Women who started hormone therapy closer to menopause had a higher breast cancer risk with a weakening influence as the time from menopause increased.

"Because survival after breast cancer diagnosis did not differ between estrogen plus progestin users and nonusers, the higher breast cancer incidence of those using estrogen plus progestin may lead to increased breast cancer mortality on a population basis," the authors write.

In an accompanying editorial, Catherine Schairer, Ph.D., and Louise A. Brinton, Ph.D., both of the National Cancer Institute, write that questions remain about whether the data analyzed from the WHI observational study resolves the differences in tumor prognosis and tumor characteristics when compared to the WHI randomized trial. They write that, "In general, tumors in estrogen plus progestin users in the WHI Observational Study were not significantly different from those in non-hormone users with regard to number of positive lymph nodes or tumor size, but were more likely to be well differentiated and positive for hormone receptors, findings which are similar to other observational studies." This, however, did not translate into a survival benefit. They recommend further analyses in this and other datasets of currency and duration of hormone use in relationship to tumor development to fully resolve the issue of tumor characteristics associated with estrogen plus progestin therapy.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Journal of the National Cancer Institute, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Rowan T. Chlebowski, JoAnn E. Manson, Garnet L. Anderson, Jane A. Cauley, Aaron K. Aragaki, Marcia L. Stefanick, Dorothy S. Lane, Karen C. Johnson, Jean Wactawski-Wende, Chu Chen, Lihong Qi, Shagufta Yasmeen, Polly A. Newcomb, and Ross L. Prentice. Estrogen Plus Progestin and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the Women?s Health Initiative Observational Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, March 29, 2013 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt043

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/NklAj6Nqpp0/130329161238.htm

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Fitness Tip: the forward reaching lunge - The Orange County Register

Think this exercise looks easy? Try a few.

Trainer Sarah Capsolas, who leads classes at the YMCA in Mission Viejo, has a background in yoga as well as P90X. So the forward reaching lunge, or dynamic warrior 1 as she alternately calls it, blends a little of both.

It's a "little athletic for yogic purposes of balanced movement," but it's one of many exercises that have crossed over from yoga.

It's very simple: Lunge forward with one leg, flexing the hip, and reach up with your hands. The belly will be over the thigh, the torso leaning toward the floor.

"This is going to engage the whole back body when you lift your hands over your head," Capsolas said. "If you were really great at it, you could do it with weights in your hands. It's a total body exercise, working the big muscles in the legs, the hips and the butt, the back, the back of the shoulders and the core to stabilize."

It's not necessary to keep that back leg straight, but bending it tends to let the shoulders stoop and the back bend too much. You want to keep the back straight.

"Generally, if people start bending that back leg, they start rounding their spine." Keeping the leg straight "helps people stay taller in the spine."

Contact the writer: lhall@ocregister.com

Source: http://www.ocregister.com/articles/leg-501675-hands-forward.html

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Astronomers discover new kind of supernova

Wednesday, March 27, 2013

Supernovae were always thought to occur in two main varieties. But a team of astronomers including Carnegie's Wendy Freedman, Mark Phillips and Eric Persson is reporting the discovery of a new type of supernova called Type Iax. This research has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal and is available online.

Previously, supernovae were divided into either core-collapse or Type Ia categories. Core-collapse supernovae are the explosion of a star about 10 to 100 times as massive as our sun. Type Ia supernovae are the complete disruption of a tiny white dwarf.

This new type, Iax, is fainter and less energetic than Type Ia. Although both types come from exploding white dwarfs, Type Iax supernovas may not completely destroy the white dwarf.

"A Type Iax supernova is essentially a mini supernova," says lead author Ryan Foley, Clay Fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). "It's the runt of the supernova litter."

The research team--which also included Max Stritzinger, formerly of Carnegie--identified 25 examples of the new type of supernova. None of them appeared in elliptical galaxies, which are filled with old stars. This suggests that Type Iax supernovas come from young star systems.

Based on a variety of observational data, the team concluded that a Type Iax supernova comes from a binary star system containing a white dwarf and a companion star that has lost its outer hydrogen, leaving it helium dominated. The white dwarf collects helium from the normal star.

Researchers aren't sure what triggers a Type Iax. It's possible that the outer helium layer ignites first, sending a shock wave into the white dwarf. Alternatively, the white dwarf might ignite first due to the influence of the overlying helium shell.

Either way, it appears that in many cases the white dwarf survives the explosion, unlike in a Type Ia supernova where the white dwarf is completely destroyed.

The team calculates that Type Iax supernovae are about a third as common as Type Ia supernovae. The reason so few have been detected is that the faintest are only one-hundredth as bright as a Type Ia supernova.

"The closer we look, the more ways we find for stars to explode," Phillips said.

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope could discover thousands of Type Iax supernovas over its lifetime.

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Carnegie Institution: http://www.ciw.edu

Thanks to Carnegie Institution for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127478/Astronomers_discover_new_kind_of_supernova

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Outsourcing Telemarketing Services for Win Solution

For many small and medium sized businesses, outsourcing telemarketing services is an important and necessary step. ?If you don?t have the manpower or resources to handle telemarketing in house, outsourcing your telemarketing can free you and your employees to focus on the important, day to day operations of your business. ?Outsourcing telemarketing services turns over that job to those people who specialize in it. ?Outsourcing can also save your business some money. ?It?s a win/win situation, right?

Well, it is a good option for many businesses. ?However, don?t overlook the fact that outsourcing does require some maintenance on your part. ?Outsourcing telemarketing services is not just a matter of hiring a company and walking away. ?You will have to do some follow-up work along the way.

In order to hold up your end of the bargain as the outsourcer, these are some of the things that you must do:

1. Prepare job information list.
   Provide the information that the telemarketing service needs to do its job. ?You will have to give them some basic information to get started with. ?Make sure that you give your name and contact number to the telemarketing service, even if you are just casually looking for information online. ?They are trying to develop new leads, just like you are.
2. Tell them what you want.
   The telemarketing service cannot give you what you want from them if you do not make your needs explicitly clear. ?The importance of this point cannot be stressed enough. ?If you expect results from your telemarketing service, you must equip them to do their job by clearly outlining and defining what you expect from them. ?If you are looking for an increase in revenue, specifically state the number that you are looking for. ?If you want the telemarketing service to make a certain number of calls per day, say so. ?If you want a certain number of representatives to be assigned to your account, let them know. ?The most critical step in determining your outcome is clearly stating your goals and objectives.
3. Learn where to get access to your results.
   Telemarketing services keep track of all sorts of statistics related to your campaign. ?They will prepare reports on things like total increase in revenue, number of calls made, the increase in sales by demographic, and sales by customer service representative. ?All the reports in the world don?t do you any good if you don?t know where or how to get them, though. ?Find out if the reports will be sent to you on a regular basis. Some companies give you access to their database so that you can check the reports whenever you wish. ?Whatever the system for relaying reports, you should know what you are signing up for.

When you outsource your telemarketing services, you can save a lot of time, stress and money. You just need to do a little bit of work at the outset and some periodic follow up. ?The clearer you are at the outset of your relationship, the better your results will be.

Let the expert team at Forlex Sales handle all of your outsourced telemarketing activities. Our team is highly trained to meet the needs of every business owner. In addition to telemarketing, we also offer application verification, lead generation, prospect research, rapid inquiry response, live real time transfers, market research, and everything else you need to grow your business.

Forlex Sales was founded by a group of experts who specialize in marketing and information technology, so we understand how important it is to stay up to date with your information and your technology.

Contact us for?complimentary consultation?to make sure we are the best partner for your business.

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Source: http://www.forlexsales.com/general-information/outsourcing-telemarketing-services/

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Mate choice in mice is heavily influenced by paternal cues, mouse study shows

Mar. 28, 2013 ? Hybrid offspring of different house mice populations show a preference for mating with individuals from their father's original population.

Mate choice is a key factor in the evolution of new animal species. The choice of a specific mate can decisively influence the evolutionary development of a species. In mice, the attractiveness of a potential mate is conveyed by scent cues and ultrasonic vocalizations. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Pl?n investigated whether house mice (Mus musculus) would mate with each other even if they were from two populations which had been separated from each other for a long time period. To do this, the researchers brought together mice from a German population and mice from a French population. Although to begin with all the mice mated with one another randomly, the hybrid offspring of French and German parents were distinctly more choosy: they showed a definite preference for mating with individuals from their father's original population. According to the researchers, this paternal imprinting accelerates the divergence of two house mouse populations and thus promotes speciation.

In allopatric speciation, individuals of a species become geographically isolated from each other by external factors such as mountains or estuaries. Over time, this geographic separation leads to the sub-populations undergoing various mutations, and thus diverging genetically. Animals from the two different sub-populations can no longer successfully reproduce, so two new species evolve.

To find out what role partner selection plays in such speciation processes, Diethard Tautz from the Max Planck Institutefor Evolutionary Biology and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive study on house mice -- the classic model organisms of biology. "To investigate whether there are differences in the mating behaviour of the mice in the early stages of speciation, we caught wild house mice in southern France and western Germany. The two populations have been geographically separate for around 3,000 years, which equates to some 18,000 generations," says Diethard Tautz. Due to this geographical separation, the French and German mice were genetically different.

The Pl?n-based researchers created a semi-natural environment for their investigations -- a sort of "Playboy Mansion" for mice. The research enclosure was several square meters in size and was divided up using wooden walls, "nests" made out of plastic cylinders, and plastic tubes. It also featured an escape tube with several entrances, which led into a cage system nearby. "We constructed the enclosure in such a way that all animals had unimpeded access to all areas, but thanks to the structural divisions were also able to create their own territories or retreat into nests," explains Tautz. "The escape tube was a control element. If the mice retreated to it only very seldom -- as was the case in our experiment -- then we could be sure there was no overpopulation in the central enclosure."

In this central enclosure, the French and German mice had both time and space to mate with each other and reproduce. "At first, all the mice mated with each other quite randomly. But with the first-generation offspring, a surprising pattern emerged," says Tautz. When the first-generation hybrid offspring of mixed French and German parentage mated, they showed a specific preference for pure-bred mates whose "nationality" was that of their father only. "There must be some kind of paternal influence that prompts the hybrid mice to choose a mate from a specific population, namely that of their father," concludes the biologist, based on the results of his study. "This imprinting must be learned, however, meaning that the animals must grow up in the presence of their fathers. This was not the case for the original mice, which were kept in cages for a time after being caught."

"We know that mice use ultrasonic vocalizations to communicate with each other and that particularly in the case of male mice these vocalizations can reveal signals of individuality and kinship. We believe that, like birdsong, the vocalizations of the males have a learned component and a genetic component," says Tautz. Therefore, French and German mice really could "speak" different languages, partly learned from their fathers, partly inherited from them. Individual mice thus have a mating preference for mice that speak the same language as they do.

The French and German mouse populations had evidently been geographically separated long enough for preliminary signs of species differentiation to be apparent as regards mating preferences. In addition, another aspect of mating behavior also sped up the speciation process. Although mice have multiple mates, the researchers found evidence of partner fidelity and inbreeding. The tendency to mate with relatives fosters the creation of genetically uniform groups. When both occur together, this accelerates the speciation process.

In a next step, Diethard Tautz wants to find out whether the vocalizations of the mice play the decisive role in paternal imprinting, or if scent cues are also involved. Furthermore, the biologist wants to identify the genes that are involved in mate selection.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Inka Montero, Meike Tesche and Diethard Tautz. Paternal imprinting of mating preferences between natural populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). Molecular Ecology, 2013 DOI: 10.111/mec.122271

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/oUt1DL9X6YE/130328125331.htm

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